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Secure Communities is an American deportation program that relies on partnership among federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies.〔ICE. Secure Communities: A Comprehensive Plan to Identify and Remove Criminal Aliens (Strategic Plan). July 21, 2009. Accessed at http://www.ice.gov/doclib/foia/secure_communities/securecommunitiesstrategicplan09.pdf on April 24, 2011.〕 U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), the interior immigration enforcement agency within the Department of Homeland Security, is the program manager. John Morton of ICE called Secure Communities “the future of immigration enforcement” because it “focuses our resources on identifying and removing the most serious criminal offenders first and foremost.”〔Julia Preston. “U.S. Identifies 111,000 Immigrants With Criminal Records.” New York Times. November 12, 2009. Accessed at http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/13/us/13ice.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=U.S.%20Identifies%20111,000%20Immigrants%20With%20Criminal%20Records&st=cse on April 24, 2011.〕 Secure Communities relies on integrated databases and partnerships with local and state jailers to build domestic deportation capacity. The goals, as outlined in a 2009 report to Congress, are to: “1. IDENTIFY criminal aliens through modernized information sharing; 2. PRIORITIZE enforcement actions to ensure apprehension and removal of dangerous criminal aliens; and 3. TRANSFORM criminal alien enforcement processes and systems to achieve lasting results.”〔 The program has come under controversy, however, for misrepresenting who is being picked up and what is expected of law enforcement partners. Secure Communities was created administratively, not by congressional mandate, and to date, no regulations have been promulgated to govern the program’s implementation. By summer 2011, many state and local partners to the program have come to resent it, because of its detrimental effects on local social fabrics and law enforcement operations. The implementation of the program has been criticized for not sticking to its original goals of deporting criminals and using the program as a general deportation facilitation tool. The Obama administration, increasingly aware of the negative impact of its deportation policies on the administration's prospects in the upcoming presidential election, moved toward mollifying some aspects of the Secure Communities enforcement policies. In August 2011, the Department of Homeland Security announced a new deportation policy, according to which the immigration enforcement authorities would concentrate on deporting individuals deemed to be threatening to public safety. The practical effectiveness of this policy from the point of view of protecting immigrants has been disputed. In June 2012, President Obama enacted a new Presidential policy aiming to protect immigrants who would have been eligible for relief under the DREAM Act if it had been passed by Congress, granting them work permits and relief from deportation. In August 2012, applications to apply for benefits under the program were being accepted. On November 20, 2014, the Secure Communities program was discontinued by the Department of Homeland Security.〔http://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/14_1120_memo_secure_communities.pdf〕 ==Overview== Secure Communities was piloted in 2008.〔Accessed at http://www.ice.gov/secure_communities/ on April 24, 2011.〕 Under the administration of George W. Bush, ICE recruited a total of 14 jurisdictions. The first program partner was Harris County Sheriff's Office (Texas).〔Susan Carroll. “Harris County testing immigrant ID program; Sheriff's office the first local law enforcement group to try automated fingerprint system.” The Houston Chronicle. October 28, 2008. Pg. B3〕 By March 2011, under President Barack Obama, the program was expanded to over 1,210 jurisdictions.〔(U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement: Secure Communities Activated Jurisdictions ) April 2011〕 ICE seeks to have all 3,141 jurisdictions (state, county, and local jails and prisons) participating by 2013.〔(U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement: Projected Deployment by Fiscal Year of Secure Communities program ) retrieved April 23, 2011〕 From Secure Communities’ activation through March 2011, 140,396 convicted criminal aliens have been booked into ICE custody resulting in 72,445 deportations.〔ICE Activated Jurisdictions, as of March 22, 2011. http://www.ice.gov/doclib/secure-communities/pdf/sc-activated.pdf〕 Each year, law enforcement officers arrest approximately one million noncitizens accused of crimes.〔David J. Venturella, "Secure Communities: Identifying and Removing Criminal Aliens," The Police Chief 77 (September 2010): 40–49, http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/naylor/CPIM0910/index.php#/40 Accessed December 14, 2010.〕 The authors of a 2011 study released by the Chief Justice Earl Warren Institute on Law and Social Policy at UC Berkeley School of Law highlighted several findings: * Only 52% of Secure Communities arrestees were scheduled to have a hearing before a judge. * Approximately 88,000 families that included U.S. citizens had a family member arrested under the Secure Communities program.〔 * Among Secure Communities arrestees who had an immigration hearing, only 24% had an attorney.〔 * ICE arrested roughly 3,600 United States citizens through the program.〔 The costs of the program are unclear. The ''Houston Chronicle'' reported in 2008 that, according to ICE officials, “cost () between $930 million and $1 billion. Congress dedicated $200 million for the program in 2008 and set aside $150 million for fiscal year 2009.” 〔“Possible solutions for immigrant inmate screenings.” The Houston Chronicle. November 16, 2008. Accessed at http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/special/immigration/6115319.html on April 24, 2011.〕 Currently Secure Communities does not provide for reimbursement to states and localities for the costs of participation. A New York Times editorial called Secure Communities “misguided,” in part for how it “() local resources.” Meanwhile, a Washington Post editorial praised the program, asserting that it “has neither inclination nor resources to deport suspects with otherwise clean records who have been arrested for low-level infractions.” 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Secure Communities and administrative immigration policies」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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